Cardiovascular Journal of Africa: Vol 23 No 10 (November 2012) - page 35

CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Vol 23, No 10, November 2012 AFRICA 561
The classification we are proposing is a modification of
that of Maron et al.17 but we believe that the diseases should be
named according to what caused them. All myocardial disorders
are included under the classification we are proposing, while
less emphasis was placed on the term cardiomyopathy, which,
as observed earlier, has now acquired several meanings. It was,
however, retained for only those diseases for which the term
has become part of the general usage, for example hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy. The name dilated cardiomyopathy was used for
only those diseases that are characterised by dilatation of the
left ventricle with systolic dysfunction, whose cause could not
be determined after all the necessary investigations had been
performed.
References
1. Carlisle R, Ogunlesi TO. Prospective study of adult cases presenting at
the Cardiac Unit, University College Hospital, Ibadan 1968 and 1969.
Afr J Med Sci 1972; 3: 13–25.
2. Mayosi BM. Contemporary trends in the epidemiology and manage-
ment of cardiomyopathy and pericarditis in sub-Saharan Africa. Heart
2007; 93: 1176–1183.
3. Ogah OS, Adegbite GD, Akinyemi OO, et al. Epidemiology of Acute
Heart Failure in Southern Nigeria: Data From The Abeokuta Heart
Failure Registry (Abstract). Circulation 2010; 122: e116.
4. Reesinger JA, Blumenthal B. Myocardial degeneration with hypertro-
phy and failure of unknown case. Am Heart J 1941; 22: 811–824.
5. Gillanders AD. Nutritional heart disease. Br Heart J 1951; 13: 177–196.
6. Becker BJP, Chatgidakis CBBVL. Cardiovascular collagenosis with
parietal endocardial thrombosis. Circulation 1953; 7: 345–356.
7. Brigden W. Uncommon myocardial disease: The non-coronary cardio-
myopathies. Lancet 1957; 2: 1179.
8. Cardiomyopathies. Bull Wld Hlth Org 1965; 33: 257–266.
9. Teare D. Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart in young adults. Br
Heart J 1958; 20: 1–8.
10. Cardiomyopathies. Technical Report Series: World Health Organisation
(WHO) 1984; 697.
11. Report of the WHO/ISFC task force on the definition and classification
of cardiomyopathies. Br Heart J 1980; 44: 672–673.
12. Bedford DE, Konstam GLS. Heart failure of unknown origin in
Africans. Br Heart J 1946; 8: 236.
13. Löffler W. Endocarditis parietalis fibroplastica mit Bluteosinophilie.
Schweiz med Wchnshr 1936; 66: 817.
14. Andy JJ, Bishara FF, Soyinka OO. Relation of severe eosinophilia and
microfilariasis to chronic African endomyocardial fibrosis. Br Heart J
1981; 45: 672–680.
15. Oakley C. Diagnosis and natural history of congested (dilated) cardio-
myopathies. Postgrad Med J 1978; 54: 440–450.
16. Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society
and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the definition and classifi-
cation of cardiomyopathies. Circulation 1996; 93: 841–842.
17. Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, et al. Contemporary definitions and
classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association
Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart
Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes
Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology
Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and
Prevention. Circulation 2006; 113: 1807–1816.
18. Maro EE, Janabi M, Kaushik R. Clinical and echocardiographic study
of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Tanzania. Trop Doct 2006; 36:
225–227.
19. Mbakwem A, Oke D, Ajuluchukwu J. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in
South Western Nigeria. S Afr Heart J 2009; 6: 4–109.
20. Sliwa K, Damasceno A, Mayosi BM. Epidemiology and etiology of
cardiomyopathy in Africa. Circulation 2005; 112: 3577–3583.
21. AmoahAG, Kallen C. Aetiology of heart failure as seen from a National
Cardiac Referral Centre in Africa. Cardiology 2000; 93: 11–18.
22. Abegaz B. The impact of echocardiography in the diagnosis of hyper-
trophic cardiomyopathy. East Afr Med J 1990; 67: 556–567.
23. Mbakwem A, Oke DA, Ajuluchukwu J. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
in South Western Nigeria. S Afr Heart J 2009; 6: 104–109.
24. Heradien M, Goosen A, Moolman-Smook JC, Brink PA. Race and
gender representation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or long QT
syndrome cases in a South African research setting. Cardiovasc J Afr
2007; 18: 312–315.
25. Mokhobo KP, Mntla PS. Lone ventricular cardiomyopathy, 1993–1996.
S Afr Med J 1997; 87: 892–896.
26. Brockington IF, Edington GM, Olsen EG. Nigerian ‘heart muscle
disease’: the late stages of untreated hypertensive heart failure? Acta
Cardiol 1977; 32: 245–267.
27. Powell SJ, Wright R. Cardiomyopathy in Durban. S Afr Med J 1965;
39: 1062–1066.
28. Falase AO. Cardiomegaly of unknown origin among Nigerian adults:
role of hypertension in its aetiology. Br Heart J 1977; 39: 671–679.
29. Falase AO. Heart muscle disease among adult Nigerians: role of nutri-
tional factors in its aetiology. Eur J Cardiol 1979; 10: 197–204.
30. Falase AO, Fabiyi A, Ogunba EO. Heart muscle disease in Nigerian
adults: a multifactorial disease. Afr J Med Med Sci 1977; 6: 165–176.
31. Falase AO. Infections and dilated cardiomyopathy in Nigeria. Heart
Vessels (Suppl) 1985; 1: 40–44.
32. Falase AO, Fabiyi A, Odegbo-Olukoya OO. Coxsackie B viruses and
heart muscle disease in Nigerian adults. Trop Geogr Med 1979; 31:
237–243.
33. Falase AO, Sekoni GA, Adenle AD. Dilated cardiomyopathy in young
adult Africans: a sequel to infections? Afr J Med Med Sci 1982; 11: 1–5.
34. Aje A, Adebiyi AA, Falase AO. Hypertensive heart disease in Africa. S
Afr Heart J 2009; 6: 42–51.
35. Falase AO, Ayeni O, Sekoni GA, Odia OJ. Heart failure in Nigerian
hypertensives. Afr J Med Med Sci 1983; 12: 7–15.
36. Rees RH, Rees MC, Fulton WF, Gichinga M. Cardiomyopathy in
Nairobi – a follow-up study. East Afr Med J 1974; 51: 863–868.
37. Sanderson JE, Olsen EG, Gatei D. Peripartum heart disease: an endo-
myocardial biopsy study. Br Heart J 1986; 56: 285–291.
38. Sanderson JE, Olsen EG, Gatei D. Dilated cardiomyopathy and myocar-
ditis in Kenya: an endomyocardial biopsy study. Int J Cardiol 1993;
41: 157–163.
39. Shaboodien G, Engel ME, Syed FF, Poulton J, Badri M, Mayosi BM.
The mitochondrial DNA T16189C polymorphism and HIV-associated
cardiomyopathy: a genotype-phenotype association study. BMC Med
Genet 2009; 10: 37.
40. Mayosi BM, Somers K. Cardiomyopathy in Africa: heredity versus
environment. Cardiovasc J Afr 2007; 18: 175–179.
41. Skudicky D, Bergemann A, Sliwa K, Candy G, Sareli P. Beneficial
effects of pentoxifylline in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyo-
pathy treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and carve-
dilol: results of a randomized study. Circulation 2001; 103: 1083–1088.
42. Sliwa K, Woodiwiss A, Candy G, et al. Effects of pentoxifylline on
cytokine profiles and left ventricular performance in patients with
decompensated congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated
cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90: 1118–1122.
43. Sliwa K, Woodiwiss A, Libhaber E, et al. C-reactive protein predicts
response to pentoxifylline in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyo-
pathy. Eur J Heart Fail 2004; 6: 731–734.
44. Sliwa K, Forster O, Libhaber E, et al. Peripartum cardiomyopathy:
inflammatory markers as predictors of outcome in 100 prospectively
studied patients. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 441–446.
45. Skudicky D, Sliwa K, Bergemann A, Candy G, Sareli P. Reduction in
Fas/APO-1 plasma concentrations correlates with improvement in left
ventricular function in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
treated with pentoxifylline. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2000; 84:
438–439.
46. Kawai C. From myocarditis to cardiomyopathy: mechanisms of inflam-
mation and cell death: learning from the past for the future. Circulation
1999; 99: 1091–1100.
47. Falase AO. Peripartum heart disease. Heart Vessels (Suppl) 1985; 1:
232–235.