CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Vol 23, No 4, May 2012
230
AFRICA
atherosclerosis in systemic autoimmune disease.
Neth J Med
2003;
60
:
273–277.
9.
Rabelink TJ, De Boer CH, van Zonneveld AJ. Endothelial activation
and circulating markers of endothelial activation in kidney disease.
Nat
Rev Nephrol
2010;
6
: 404–414.
10. Bonetti PO, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Endothelial dysfunction: a
marker of atherosclerotic risk.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol
2003;
23
: 168–175.
11. Esper RJ, Nordaby RA, Vilarino JO, Paragano A, Cacharon JL,
Machado RA
.
Endothelial dysfunction: a comprehensive appraisal.
Cardiovasc Diabetol
2006;
5
: 4.
12. Strijdom H, Lochner A. Cardiac endothelium: More than just a barrier!
SA Heart
2009;
6
(3): 174–185.
13. Strijdom H, Chamane N, Lochner A. Nitric oxide in the cardiovascular
system: a simple molecule with complex actions.
Cardiovasc J Afr
2009;
20
: 303–310.
14. Bruckdorfer R. The basics about nitric oxide.
Mol Aspect Med
2005;
26
: 3–31.
15. Moncada S, Palmer RM, Higgs EA. The discovery of nitric oxide as the
endogenous nitrovasodilator.
Hypertension
1988;
12
: 365–372.
16. Balligand J-L, Cannon PJ. Nitric oxide synthases and cardiac muscle:
autocrine and paracrine influences.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol
1997;
17
: 1846–1858.
17. Bryan NS, Bian K, Murad F. Discovery of the nitric oxide signaling
pathway and targets for drug development.
Front Biosci
2009;
14
: 1–18.
18. Alderton WK, Cooper CE, Knowles RG. Nitric oxide synthases: struc-
ture, function and inhibition.
Biochem J
2001;
357
: 593–615.
19. Dudzinski D, Michel T. Life history of eNOS: partners and pathways.
Cardiovasc Res
2007;
75
(2): 247–260.
20. Förstermann U, Munzel T. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular
disease: from marvel to menace.
Circulation
2006;
113
: 1708–1714.
21. Potenza MA, Gagliardi S, Nacci C,
et al
. Endothelial dysfunction in
diabetes: From mechanisms to therapeutic targets.
Curr Med Chem
2009;
16
: 94–112.
22. Hsueh WA, Lyon CJ, Quinones MJ. Insulin resistance and the endothe-
lium.
Am J Med
2004;
117
: 109–117.
23. Guzik TJ, Mussa S, Gastaldi D,
et al.
Mechanisms of increased vascular
superoxide production in human diabetes mellitus, role of NAD(P)H
oxidase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase.
Circulation
2002;
105
:
1656–1662.
24. Avogaro A, de Kreutzenberg S, Fadini G. Endothelial dysfunction:
causes and consequences in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes
Res Clin Pract
2008;
82
: S94–S101.
25. Soldatos G, Cooper ME, Jandeleit-Dahm KAM. Advanced-glycation
end products in insulin-resistant states.
Curr Hypertens Rep
2005;
7
:
96–102.
26. Versari D, Daghini E, Virdis A,
et al
. Endothelium-dependent contrac-
tions and endothelial dysfunction in human hypertension.
Br J
Pharmacol
2009;
157
: 527–536.
27. Sawamura T. LOX-1, a lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor identified
form endothelial cells, in endothelial dysfunction.
Int Congr
2004;
1262
: 531–534.
28. Böger RH, Bode-Böger S, Szuba A,
et al
. Asymmetric dimethlyargi-
nine (ADMA): a novel risk factor for endothelial dysfunction, its role
in hypercholesterolemia.
Circulation
1998;
98
: 1842–1847.
29. Böger RH, Vallance P, Cooke JP. Asymmetric dimethlyarginine
(ADMA): a key regulator of nitric oxide synthase.
Atherosclerosis
Suppl
2003;
4
: 1–3.
30. Zeibig S, Li Z, Wagner S,
et al
. Effect of the ox-LDL
binding protein
Fc-CD68 on plaque extension and vulnerability in atherosclerosis.
Circ
Res
2011;
108
(6): 695–703.
31. Boulanger CM, Tanner FC, Bea ML,
et al.
Oxidized low density
lipoproteins induce mRNA expression and release of endothelin from
human and porcine endothelium
Circ Res
1992;
70
: 1191–1197.
32. Warnholtz A, Mollnau H, Oelze M,
et al
. Antioxidants and endothelial
dysfunction in hyperlipidemia
. Curr Hypertens Rep
2001;
3
: 53–60.
33. Davignon J, Ganz P. Role of endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis.
Circulation
2004;
109
: 27–32.
34. Hamburg NM, Vita JA. Endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis:
mechanisms of impaired nitric oxide bioactivity. In: Loscalzo J (ed).
Molecular Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis.
London: Taylor and Francis
2005: 95–110.
35. Bhatt SR, Lokhandwala MF, Banday AA. Resveratrol prevents endothe-
lial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling and attenuates development of
hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Eur J Pharmacol
2011;
667
(1-3): 258–264.
36. Tang EH, Vanhoutte PM. Endothelial dysfunction: a strategic target in
the treatment of hypertension?
Pflugers Arch
2010;
459
(6): 995–1004.
37. Paniagua OA, Bryant MB, Panza JA. Role of endothelial nitric oxide
in shear stress-induced vasodilation of human microvasculature: dimin-
ished activity in hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic patients.
Circulation
2001;
103
: 1752–1758.
38. Iaccarino G, Ciccarelli M, Sorriento D,
et al
. AKT participates
in endothelial dysfunction in hypertension.
Circulation
2004;
109
:
2587–2593.
39. Puranik R, Celermajer DS. Smoking and endothelial function.
Progr
Cardiovasc Dis
2003;
45
: 443–458.
40. Barnoya J, Glantz SA. Cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke:
nearly as large as smoking.
Circulation
2005;
111
: 2684–2698.
41. Burke A, FitzGerald GA. Oxidative stress and smoking-induced vascu-
lar injury.
Progr Cardiovasc Dis
2003;
46
: 79–90.
42. Antoniades C, Tousoulis D, Stefanadis C. Smoking in Asians: it doesn’t
stop at vascular endothelium.
Int J Cardiol
2008;
128
: 151–153.
43. Katusic ZS. Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction induced by aging,
role of arginase I.
Circ Res
2007;
101
: 640–641.
44. Herrera MD, Mingorance C, Rodrίguez- Rodrίguez R,
et al
. Endothelial
dysfunction and aging: an update.
Ageing Res Rev
2010;
9
: 142–152.
45. Vanhoutte PM. Ageing and endothelial dysfunction.
Eur Heart J Suppl
2002;
4
: A8–A17.
46. Pennathur S, Heinecke JW. Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction
in vascular disease.
Curr Diabetes Rep
2007;
7
: 257–264.
47. Landmesser U, Harrison DG, Drexler H. Oxidant stress – a major
cause of reduced endothelial nitric oxide availability in cardiovascular
disease.
Eur J Clin Pharmacol
2006;
63
: 13–19.
48. Yokoyama M. Oxidant stress and atherosclerosis.
Curr Opin Pharmacol
2004;
4
: 110–115.
49. Huang PL. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase and endothelial dysfunc-
tion.
Curr Hypertens Rep
2003;
5
: 473–480.
50. Kuzkaya N, Weissmann N, Harrison DG,
et al
. Interaction of peroxyni-
trite, tetrahydrobiopterin, ascorbic acid, and thiols.
J Biol Chem
2003;
278
: 22546–22554.
51. Katusic ZS. Vascular endothelial dysfunction: does tetrahydrobiopterin
play a role?
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol
2001;
281
: 981–986.
52. Zou M-H, Shi C, Cohen RA. Oxidation of the zinc-thiolate complex
and uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by peroxynitrite.
J
Clin Invest
2002;
109
: 817–826.
53. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis.
Circulation
2002;
150
: 1135–1143.
54. Osto E, Cosentino F. The role of oxidative stress in endothelial dysfunc-
tion and vascular inflammation. In: Ignarro LJ (ed).
Nitric Oxide:
Biology and Pathobiology.
2nd edn. London: Academic Press 2010:
705–754.
55. Szmitko PE, Wang C-H, Weisel RD,
et al.
New markers of inflam-
mation and endothelial cell activation, part 1.
Circulation
2003;
108
:
1917–1923.
56. Madamanchi NR, Vendrov A, Runge MS. Oxidative stress and vascular
disease.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol
2005;
25
: 29–38.
57. Blake GJ, Ridker PM. Novel clinical markers of vascular wall inflam-
mation.
Circ Res
2001;
89
: 763–771.
58. Meldrum DR. Tumor necrosis factor in the heart.
Am J Physiol
Regulatory Intergrative Comp Physiol
1998;
274
: 577–595.
59. Fain JN, Bahouth SW, Madan AK. TNF-
α
release by the nonfat cells of
human adipose tissue.
Int J Obes
2004;
28
: 616–622.
60. Zhang H, Park Y, Wu J,
et al
. Role of TNF-
α
in vascular dysfunction.
Clin Sci
2009;
116
: 219–230.
61. Gao X, Belmadani S, Picchi A,
et al.
Tumor necrosis factor-
α
induces
endothelial dysfunction in Leprdb mice.
Circulation
2007;
115
:
245–254.