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CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 27, No 5, September/October 2016
310
AFRICA
A longitudinal velocity of the left basal point and peak E
longitudinal velocity of the left basal point (
p
<
0.05). Global
strain and strain rate values of the patients and controls are
shown in Table 2.
Radial strain and strain rate
No statistically significant differences were found between the
two groups for the most negative peak circumferential strain
(SLSC peak G), negative systolic peak circumferential strain
(SLSC peak S), positive systolic peak circumferential strain
(SLSC peak P), end-systolic circumferential strain [SLSC (ES)]
and end-systolic radial displacement [DTDR (ES)] (
p
>
0.05).
End-systolic rotation [ROT (ES)] was statistically significantly
lower in the patient group (
p
<
0.05). Segmental analysis showed
that rotational strain measurement of the anterior segment was
statistically significantly lower (–0.78
±
3.16) in the patient group
(
p
=
0.019). The lateral segment was also statistically significantly
lower in the patient group (–1.17
±
3.17) (
p
=
0.14). Radial strain
and strain rate measurements of patients and controls are shown
in Table 3. Radial strain and strain rate values according to the
segments are shown in Table 4.
Longitudinal and transverse strain and strain rate
Four chambers: longitudinal and transverse strain and strain
rate measurements are shown in Table 5. No statistically
significant differences were found between the two groups for the
most negative peak longitudinal strain (SLSC peak G), negative
systolic peak longitudinal strain (SLSC peak S), positive systolic
peak longitudinal strain (SLSC peak P), the most negative peak
transverse strain (STSR peak G), end-systolic longitudinal strain
[STSR (ES)] and end-systolic longitudinal displacement [DLDC
(ES)].
End-systolic longitudinal strain [SLSC (ES)] and positive peak
transverse strain (STSR peak P) were statistically significantly
lower in the patient group (
p
<
0.05). Segmental analysis showed
statistically significantly lower levels of end-systolic longitudinal
strain [STSR (ES)] of the basal lateral (
p
<
0.05), and statistically
significantly lower levels of end-systolic longitudinal strain
[SLSC (ES)] of the basal septal segment (
p
<
0.05) in the
Table 3. Radial strain and strain rate measurements of Wilson’s
disease patients and controls
Strain
Patients
(
n
=
21)
(mean
±
SD)
Controls
(
n
=
20)
(mean
±
SD)
p
-value
SLSC peak G (%)
–16.45
±
10.74
–16.09
±
9.85
0.77
SLSC peak S (%)
–15.22
±
11.57
–14.64
±
11.38
0.67
SLSC peak P (%)
2.60
±
5.09
2.75
±
5.46
0.82
SLSC (ES) (%)
–14.20
±
12.41
–13.71
±
12.89
0.74
STSR (ES) (%)
41.04
±
18.29
44.92
±
17.47
0.72
DTDR (ES) (mm)
5.145
±
2.54
5.01
±
2.48
0.65
ROT (ES) (°)
–4.49
±
4.53
–2.84
±
5.06
0.004
SLSC peak G: the most negative peak circumferential strain, SLSC peak S:
negative systolic peak circumferential strain, SLSC peak P: positive systolic
peak circumferential strain, SLSC (ES): end-systolic circumferential strain,
DTDR (ES): end-systolic radial displacement, ROT (ES): end-systolic rotation.
Table 2. Global strain and strain rate values of
Wilson’s disease patients and controls
Parameters
Patients
(
n
=
21)
(mean
±
SD)
Controls
(
n
=
20)
(mean
±
SD)
p
-value
GS (%)
–17.30
±
3.22
–17.11
±
3.69
0.70
GSRs (1/s)
–1.07
±
0.20
–1.02
±
0.23
0.17
GSRe (1/s)
1.54
±
0.40
1.59
±
0.46
0.35
GSRa (1/s)
0.74
±
0.44
0.53
±
0.23
0.02
VEbasL (cm/s)
–11.25
±
2.95
–11.20
±
2.53
0.91
VESbasR (cm/s)
–9.22
±
3.03
–9.91
±
3.00
0.16
VAbasL (cm/s)
–6.69
±
2.991
–5.09
±
1.930
0.001
VAbasR (cm/s)
–5.95
±
2.807
–4.65
±
2.129
0.002
GS: global peak longitudinal/circumferential strain, GSGRs: global peak systol-
ic longitudinal/circumferential strain rate, GSRe/1s: global peak E longitudinal/
circumferential strain rate, GSRa1/s: global peak A longitudinal/circumferential
strain rate, VEbasL: left basal peak E longitudinal velocity, VEbasR: right basal
peak E longitudinal velocity point, VAbasL: left basal peak A longitudinal
velocity, VAbasR: right basal peak A longitudinal velocity.
Table 4. Radial strain and strain rate values
according to segment
Strain according to
segment
Patients (
n
=
21)
(mean
±
SD)
Controls (
n
=
20)
(mean
±
SD)
p
-value
SLSC peak S (%)
Anterior
–9.55
±
7.79
–9.71
±
8.90
0.94
Lateral
–3.68
±
5.75
–4.34
±
5.76
0.69
Posterior
–6.60
±
8.31
–3.48
±
8.57
0.21
Inferior
–19.95
±
6.84
–20.01
±
5.32
0.97
Septal
–27.83
±
6.57
–27.03
±
4.63
0.64
Anterior septal
–23.85
±
7.69
–23.28
±
6.11
0.78
SLSC peak P (%)
Anterior
2.33
±
2.89
2.18
±
2.34
0.84
Lateral
4.31
±
4.33
5.56
±
6.30
0.41
Posterior
4.44
±
6.25
7.37
±
9.59
0.20
Inferior
1.71
±
4.20
0.69
±
0.90
0.29
Septal
1.31
±
6.10
0.25
±
0.56
0.44
Anterior septal
1.48
±
5.37
0.43
±
0.984
0.39
SLSC (ES) (%)
Anterior
–9.21
±
7.78
–9.50
±
8.93
0.90
Lateral
–1.93
±
7.40
–2.07
±
8.98
0.95
Posterior
–4.49
±
10.16
–0.89
±
12.05
0.26
Inferior
–19.28
±
7.42
–19.77
±
5.35
0.80
Septal
–27.05
±
7.05
–26.87
±
4.62
0.91
Anterior septal
–23.46
±
7.80
–23.14
±
6.03
0.88
STSR (ES)
Anterior
42.87
±
19.56
44.36
±
16.27
0.78
Lateral
39.94
±
17.33
41.01
±
16.22
0.83
Posterior
36.04
±
15.37
39.35
±
19.90
0.52
Inferior
38.72
±
17.77
48.70
±
19.12
0.06
Septal
43.58
±
19.31
48.87
±
16.59
0.32
Anterior septal
45.29
±
20.14
47.21
±
16.18
0.72
DTDR (ES) (mm)
Anterior
6.70
±
1.93
6.14
±
2.10
0.34
Lateral
7.75
±
1.74
6.98
±
2.25
0.18
Posterior
6.16
±
1.55
5.79
±
2.04
0.48
Inferior
3.34
±
2.02
3.88
±
2.23
0.39
Septal
2.70
±
1.64
3.146
±
2.16
0.41
Anterior septal
4.22
±
1.58
4.10
±
1.78
0.81
ROT (ES ) (°)
Anterior
–0.78
±
3.16
1.33
±
2.72
0.01
Lateral
–3.60
±
3.30
–1.17
±
3.17
0.01
Posterior
–7.04
±
3.89
–5.48
±
4.79
0.22
Inferior
–8.76
±
4.34
–7.75
±
5.36
0.47
Septal
–5.07
±
3.49
–4.13
±
4.01
0.38
Anterior septal
–1.45
±
3.06
0.13
±
3.181
0.09
SLSC peak S: negative systolic peak circumferential strain, STSR (ES): end-systolic
longitudinal strain, SLSC peak P: positive systolic peak circumferential strain, SLSC
(ES): end-systolic circumferential strain, DTDR (ES): end-systolic radial displacement,
ROT (ES): end-systolic rotation (°).