CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 28, No 1, January/February 2017
AFRICA
67
9.
Gandhi SK, Powers JC, Nomeir AM, Fowle K, Kitzman DW, Rankin
KM,
et al
. The pathogenesis of acute pulmonary edema associated with
hypertension.
N Engl J Med
2001;
344
: 17–22.
10. Cleland JG, Chiswell K, Teerlink JR, Stevens S, Fiuzat M, Givertz MM,
et al
. Predictors of postdischarge outcomes from information acquired
shortly after admission for acute heart Failure: A report from the
Placebo-Controlled Randomized Study of the Selective A1 Adenosine
Receptor Antagonist Rolofylline for Patients Hospitalized With
Acute Decompensated Heart Failure and Volume Overload to Assess
Treatment Effect on Congestion and Renal Function (PROTECT)
Study.
Circ Heart Fail
2014;
7
: 76–87.
11. Senni M, Parrella P, De Maria R, Cottini C, Böhm M, Ponikowski P,
et
al.
Predicting heart failure outcome from cardiac and comorbid condi-
tions: the 3C-HF score.
Int J Cardiol
2013;
163
: 206–211.
12. Stewart S, Wilkinson D, Hansen C, Vaghela V, Mvungi R, McMurray
J,
et al.
Predominance of heart failure in the Heart of Soweto Study
cohort: emerging challenges for urban African communities.
Circulation
2008;
118
: 2360–367.
13. Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, Hua L, Handschumacher MD,
Chandrasekaran K,
et al
. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assess-
ment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American
Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association
of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of
Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography.
J Am Soc
Echocardiogr
2010;
23
: 685–713.
14. Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Lutas EM, Gottlieb GJ, Campo E, Sachs
I,
et al
. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy:
comparison to necropsy findings.
Am J Cardiol
1986;
57
: 450–458.
15. Thavendiranathan P, Yingchoncharoen T, Grant A, Seicean S, Landers
SH, Gorodeski EZ,
et al
. Prediction of 30-day heart failure-specific
readmission risk by echocardiographic parameters.
Am J Cardiol
2014;
113
: 335–341.
16. Friesinger GC. Outcomes research: evaluating the impact of echocardi-
ography in congestive heart failure.
J Am Coll Cardiol
1999;
33
: 171–173.
17. Fonarow GC, Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ.
Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompen-
sated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis.
J Am
Med A
ssoc 2005;
293
(5): 572–580. pmid:15687312 doi: 10.1016/j.accre-
view.2005.02.073.
18. Uriel N, Torre-Amione G, Milo O, Kaluski E, Perchenet L, Blatt A,
et al
. Echocardiographic ejection fraction in patients with acute heart
failure: Correlations with hemodynamic, clinical, and neurohormonal
measures and short-term outcome.
Eur J Heart Fail
2005;
7
(5): 815–819.
pmid:16087136 doi: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2004.10.013.
19. Ross JS, Mulvey GK, Stauffer B, Patlolla V, Bernheim SM, Keenan PS,
et al
. Statistical models and patient predictors of readmission for heart
failure: a systematic review.
Arch Intern Med
2008;
168
: 1371–1386.
20. Allen LA, Smoyer Tomic KE, Smith DM, Wilson KL, Agodoa I. Rates
and predictors of 30-day readmission among commercially insured and
Medicaid-enrolled patients hospitalized with systolic heart failure.
Circ
Heart Fail
2012;
5
: 672–679.
21. Ramasubbu K, Deswal A, Chan W, Aguilar D, Bozkurt B.
Echocardiographic changes during treatment of acute decompensated
heart failure: insights from the ESCAPE trial.
J Card Fail
2012;
18
:
792–798.
22. Frolich E.D Cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension.
N Engl J Med
1987;
317
: 831–833.
23. Kannel WB, Gorden T, Offutt D. Left ventricular hypertrophy by electro-
cardiography: prevalence, incidence, and mortality in the Framingham
Heart Study.
Ann Intern Med
1969;
71
: 89–105.
24. Kannel WB. Prevalence and natural history of electrocardiographic
LVH.
Am J Med
1983;
65
: 4–11.
25. Flores-Marín A, Gómez-Doblas JJ, Caballero-Borrego J, Cabrera-
Bueno F, Rodríguez-Bailón I, Melero JM,
et al.
Long-term predictors
of mortality and functional recovery after aortic valve replacement for
severe aortic stenosis with left ventricular dysfunction.
Rev Esp Cardiol
2010;
63
: 36–45.
26. Fox K, Borer JS, Camm AJ, Danchin N, Ferrari R, Lopez Sendon JL,
et al
. Heart Rate Working Group. Resting heart rate in cardiovascular
disease.
J Am Coll Cardiol
2007;
50
: 823–830.
27. Böhm M, Swedberg K, Komajda M, Borer JS, Ford I, Dubost-Brama
A,
et al.
; SHIFT investigators. Heart rate as a risk factor in chronic heart
failure (SHIFT): the association between heart rate and outcomes in a
randomised placebo-controlled trial.
Lancet
2010;
376
: 886–894.
28. Swedberg K, Komajda M, Böhm M, Borer JS, Ford I, Dubost-Brama
A,
et al
.; SHIFT investigators. Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart
failure (SHIFT): a randomized placebo-controlled study.
Lancet
2010;
376
: 875–885.
29. Castagno D, Skali H, Takeuchi M, Swedberg K, Yusuf S, Granger CB,
et al
.; CHARM investigators. Association of heart rate and outcomes
in a broad spectrum of patients with chronic heart failure: results from
the CHARM (Candesartan in Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction
in Mortality and morbidity) program.
J Am Coll Cardiol
2012;
59
:
1785–1795.
30. Maeder MT, Kaye DM. Differential impact of heart rate and blood
pressure on outcome in patients with heart failure with reduced versus
preserved left ventricular ejection fraction.
Int J Cardiol
2012;
155
:
249–256.
31. Tamura H, Watanabe T, Nishiyama S, Sasaki S, Arimoto T, Takahashi
H,
et al
. Increased left atrial volume index predicts a poor prognosis in
patients with heart failure.
J Card Fail
2011;
17
: 210–216.
32. Abhayaratna WP, Seward JB, Appleton CP, Douglas PS, Oh JK, Tajik
AJ,
et al
. Left atrial size: physiologic determinants and clinical applica-
tions.
J Am Coll Cardiol
2006;
47
: 2357–2363.