22 / 88
CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 28, No 4, July/August 2017
224
AFRICA
in the HIV-negative patients with PE was 40% (95% CI: 5.27–
86.34%) (Table 4). The Fisher’s exact test showed no statistical
difference between the HIV-positive and -negative groups with
PE, for the prevalence of TB (
p
=
0.305).
The prevalence of PE, according to the lobar arterial anatomy
of the lung, is summarised in Table 5. Fisher’s exact test showed
no significant difference between the prevalence of PE and HIV
positivity in a particular lobe of the lung (Table 5).
The extent of PE in terms of the degree of occlusion according
to the lobar arterial anatomy of the lung in both HIV-positive
and -negative patients is summarised in Table 6. The degree of
obstruction as per the Qanadli score derivation was described as
either a partial clot or a complete clot. If thrombus was absent, it
was described as no clot (Fig. 4). Fisher’s exact test demonstrated
statistically significant differences in the severity of PE between
the HIV-positive and -negative groups in the right middle lobe.
Here the HIV-positive group demonstrated more extensive PE
(
p
=
0.045) with regard to partially occlusive thrombus at the
proximal arterial level (origin of the segmental arteries).
Comparison of the severity of the Qanadli score between
HIV-positive and -negative groups is summarised in Table 7.
Fisher’s exact test demonstrated no statistically significant
differences in the severity of the Qanadli score between the
HIV-positive and -negative groups (
p
=
0.465).
The comparison of frequency of parenchymal and pleural
complications in both HIV-positive and -negative groups with
Table 5. Prevalence of pulmonary embolism according to lobar arterial anatomy of the lung in both HIV-positive and -negative patients (
n
=
33).
HIV status
Lobes of the lung
Total
RUL
RML
RLL
LUL
Lingula
LLL
HIV positive,
n
(%)
11 (50)
11 (50)
18 (81.8)
13 (59.1)
11 (50)
19 (86.4)
22 (100)
HIV negative,
n
(%)
6 (54.6)
4 (36.4)
7 (63.6)
4 (36.36)
6 (54.55)
10 (90.9)
11 (100)
Total,
n
(%)
17 (51.52)
15 (45.5)
25 (75.8)
17 (51.52)
17 (51.5)
29 (87.9)
33 (100)
p
-value
1
0.712
0.391
0.282
1
1
RUL, right upper lobe; RML, right middle lobe; RLL, right lower lobe; LUL, left upper lobe; LLL, left lower lobe.
Table 6. Extent of PE (with percentages in brackets) according to
degree of occlusion by lobar arterial anatomy (
n
=
33)
Lobes of the
lung
Category
HIV status
p
-value
HIV positive
(
n
=
22)
HIV negative
(
n
=
11)
RUL
No clot,
n
(%)
12 (54.55)
6 (54.55)
1
Partial clot,
n
(%)
9 (40.91)
5 (45.45)
Clot,
n
(%)
1 (4.55)
0 (0)
RML
No clot,
n
(%)
13 (59.09)
9 (81.82)
0.045
Partial clot,
n
(%)
8 (36.36)
0 (0)
Clot,
n
(%)
1 (4.55)
2 (18.18)
RLL
No clot,
n
(%)
7 (31.82)
7 (63.64)
0.089
Partial clot,
n
(%)
10 (45.45)
1 (9.09)
Clot,
n
(%)
5 (22.73)
3 (27.27)
LUL
No clot,
n
(%)
11 (50)
8 (72.73)
0.412
Partial clot,
n
(%)
9 (40.91)
3 (27.27)
Clot,
n
(%)
2 (9.09)
0 (0)
Lingula
No clot,
n
(%)
11 (50)
6 (54.55)
0.218
Partial clot,
n
(%)
6 (27.27)
5 (45.45)
Clot,
n
(%)
5 (22.73)
0 (0)
LLL
No clot,
n
(%)
8 (36.36)
3 (27.27)
0.802
Partial clot,
n
(%)
13 (59.09)
8 (72.73)
Clot,
n
(%)
1 (4.55)
0 (0)
RUL, right upper lobe; RML, right middle lobe; RLL, right lower lobe; LUL,
left upper lobe; LLL, left lower lobe.
Table 1. Distribution of patients according to HIV status and
confirmation of status (
n
=
164 patients)
HIV positive
HIV negative
HIV status unknown
Infor-
mation
provided
on request
form
Infor-
mation
retrieved
from
folders
Based on
a negative
rapid-strip
bedside
test
Based
on a
formal
Elisa
test
Based on
information
from request
form, NHLS
and folder
Based on informa-
tion from request
form and NHLS.
No folder retriev-
able
71
10
14
24
33
12
81 (49.4%)
38 (23.2%)
45 (27.4%)
Total
=
164 (100%); subtotal of patients tested for HIV
=
119 (72.6%).
Table 2. Cross-tabulation showing the frequency of HIV in those
with and without pulmonary embolism (
n
=
119)
Pulmonary embolism
HIV
Total
Positive
Negative
Absent
Count
59
27
86
% within PE
68.6
31.4
100.0
Present
Count
22
11
33
% within PE
66.7
33.3
100.0
Total
Count
81
38
119
% within PE
68.1
31.9
100.0
Table 3. Cross-tabulation demonstrating the presence of TB
according to presence of PE (
n
=
76)
Pulmonary embolism
TB microbiology
Total
Positive
Negative
Absent
Count
36
17
53
% within PE
67.9
32.1
100.0
Present
Count
10
13
23
% within PE
43.5
56.5
100.0
Total
Count
46
30
76*
% within PE
60.5
39.5
100.0
*Only TB results within six months of the scan being performed were consid-
ered.
Table 4. Cross-tabulation demonstrating the presence of TB
according to HIV status in patients with proven PE (
n
=
19)
HIV status
TB microbiology
Total
Positive
Negative
HIV positive
Count
4
10
14
% within PE
28.6
71.4
100.0
HIV negative
Count
3
2
5
% within PE
60.0
40.0
100.0
Total
Count
7
12
19
% within PE
36.8
63.2
100.0