CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 32, No 3, May/June 2021
AFRICA
155
in urban African adults: insights from the Heart of Soweto Study.
Eur
Heart J
2010:
31
(6): 719–72.
2.
Zühlke LJ, Engel ME, Watkins D, Mayosi BM. Incidence, prevalence and
outcome of rheumatic heart disease in South Africa: A systematic review
of contemporary studies.
Int J Cardiol
2015;
199
: 375–383.
3.
Gaasch WH. Pathophysiology and natural history of chronic mitral
regurgitation.
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-and-natural-history-of-chronic-mitral-regurgitation.
4.
Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, De Leon AC, Faxon DP,
Freed MD,
et al.
ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of
patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College
of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice
Guidelines (writing Committee to Revise the 1998 guidelines for the
management of patients with valvular heart disease) developed in collab-
oration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anaesthesiologists endorsed
by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and
the Society of Thoracic Surgeons.
J Am Coll Cardiol
2006; 48(3): e1–48.
5.
Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, De Bonis M, Hamm C, Holm PJ,
et
al
. 2017 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart
disease
. Eur Heart J
2017:
38
(36): 2739–2791.
6.
Prakaschandra DR, Naidoo DP, Esterhuizen T. The time-course changes
of NT-proBNP and tissue Doppler indices in patients undergoing mitral
valve replacement.
Cardiovasc J Afr
2012;
23
(4): 200.
7.
Griffin BP. Timing of surgical intervention in chronic mitral regurgita-
tion: is vigilance enough?
Circulation
2006;
113
(18): 2169–217.
8.
Tribouilloy C, Grigioni F, Avierinos JF, Barbieri A, Rusinaru D,
Szymanski C,
et al
. Survival implication of left ventricular end-systolic
diameter in mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflets: a long-term follow-up
multicenter study.
J Am Coll Cardiol
2009:
54
(21): 1961–1968.
9.
Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V,
et al
. Recommendations for cardi-
ac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update
from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European
Association of Cardiovascular Imaging.
Eur Heart J
Cardiovasc Imag
2015;
16
: 233–270.
10. Reményi B, Wilson N, Steer A, Ferreira B, Kado J, Kumar K,
et al
.
World Heart Federation criteria for echocardiographic diagnosis of
rheumatic heart disease- an evidence-based guideline.
Nat Rev Cardiol
2012;
9
: 297–309.
11. Zoghbi WA, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, Grayburn PA, Kraft CD,
Levine RA,
et al
. Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of
native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocar-
diography.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr
2003;
16
(7): 777–802.
12. Essop MR, Nkomo VT. Rheumatic and nonrheumatic valvular heart
disease.
Circulation
2005;
112
: 3584–3591.
13. Zuhlke L, Engel ME, Karthikeyan G,
et al
. Characteristics, complica-
tions, and gaps in evidence-based interventions in rheumatic heart
disease: the Global Rheumatic Heart Disease Registry (the REMEDY
study).
Eur Heart J
2015;
36
: 1115–1122a.
14. Munasur M. The outcome of patients undergoing simultaneous tricuspid
and left-sided valve surgery in a rheumatic population.
J Heart Valve Dis
2016;
25
(1): 1–7.
15. Suri RM, Schaff HV, Dearani JA, Sundt TM, Daly RC, Mullany CJ,
et
al.
Recovery of left ventricular function after surgical correction of mitral
regurgitation caused by leaflet prolapse.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
2009;
137
(5): 1071–1076.
16. Reed D, Abbott RD, Smucker ML, Kaul S. Prediction of outcome after
mitral valve replacement in patients with symptomatic chronic mitral
regurgitation. The importance of left atrial size.
Circulation
1991:
84
(1):
23–24.
17. Kennedy JW, Yarnall SR, Murray JA, Figley MM. Quantitative angiog-
raphy, IV: relationships of left atrial and ventricular pressure and volume
in mitral valve disease.
Circulation
1970;
41
: 817– 824.
18. Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ, Schaff HV, Orszulak TA, McGoon MD,
Bailey KR,
et al
. Echocardiographic prediction of left ventricular func-
tion after correction of mitral regurgitation: results and clinical implica-
tions.
J Am Coll Cardiol
1994;
24
(6): 1536–1543.
19. Suri RM, Schaff HV, Dearani JA, Sundt TM, Daly RC, Mullany CJ,
et al
.
Determinants of early decline in ejection fraction after surgical correction
of mitral regurgitation.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
2008;
136
(2): 442–447.
20. Gaasch WH, Meyer TE. Left ventricular response to mitral regurgitation
– implications for management.
Circulation
2008;
118
: 2298–2303.
21. Hultgren HN, Miyagawa M, Buch W, Angell WW. Ischemic myocardial
injury during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.
Am Heart J
1973:
85
(2):
167–176.
22. Nkomo VT, Gardin JM, Skelton TN, Gottdiener JS, Scott CG, Enriquez-
Sarano M. Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population-based study
.
Lancet
2006;
368
(9540): 1005–1011.
23. Marcus RH, Sareli P, Pocock WA, Meyer TE, Magalhaes MP, Grieve T,
et
al.
Functional anatomy of severe mitral regurgitation in active rheumatic
carditis.
Am J Cardiol
1989;
63
(9): 577–584.
24. Marcus RH, Sareli P, Pocock WA, Barlow JB. The spectrum of severe
rheumatic mitral valve disease in a developing country: correlations
among clinical presentation, surgical pathologic findings, and hemody-
namic sequelae.
Ann Int Med
1994;
120
(3): 177–183.
25. Wisenbaugh T, Skudicky D, Sareli P. Prediction of outcome after valve
replacement for rheumatic mitral regurgitation in the era of chordal pres-
ervation.
Circulation
1994;
89
: 191–197.
26. Enriquez-Sarano M, Akins CW, Vahanian A. Mitral regurgitation.
Lancet
2009;
373
: 1382–1394.
27. Suri RM, Vanoverschelde JL, Grigioni F, Schaff HV, Tribouilloy C,
Avierinos JF,
et al.
Association between early surgical intervention vs
watchful waiting and outcomes for mitral regurgitation due to flail mitral
valve leaflets.
J Am Med Assoc
2013;
310
(6): 609–616.
28. Stevens L-M, Rodriguez E, Lehr EJ, Kindell LC, Nifong LW, Ferguson
TB,
et al
. Impact of timing and surgical approach on outcomes after
mitral valve regurgitation operations.
Ann Thorac Surg
2012:
93
(5):
1462–1468.
29. Matsumura T, Ohtaki E, Tanaka K,
et al
. Echocardiographic prediction
of left ventricular dysfunction after mitral valve repair for mitral regur-
gitation as an indicator to decide the optimal timing of repair.
J Am Coll
Cardiol
2003;
42
: 458–463.
30. Barbieri A, Bursi F, Grigioni F, Tribouilloy C, Avierinos JF, Michelena
HI,
et al
. Prognostic and therapeutic implications of pulmonary hyper-
tension complicating degenerative mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflet:
a multicenter long-term international study.
Eur Heart J
2010;
32
(6):
751–759.
31. Lancellotti P, Martinez C, Bernard A. Pulmonary pressures and outcome
in primary mitral regurgitation.
J Am Coll Cardiol
2016:
67
(25):
2962–2964.
32. Ghoreishi M, Evans CF, DeFilippi CR, Hobbs G, Young CA, Griffith
BP,
et al
. Pulmonary hypertension adversely affects short- and long-term
survival after mitral valve operation for mitral regurgitation: implications
for timing of surgery.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
2011:
142
(6): 1439–1452.
33. Magne J, Pibarot P, Sengupta PP, Donal E, Rosenhek R, Lancellotti P.
Pulmonary hypertension in valvular disease: a comprehensive review on
pathophysiology to therapy from the HAVEC Group.
J Am Coll Cardiol
Img
2015:
8
(1): 83–99.
34. Enriquez-Sarano M, Orszulak TA, Schaff HV, Abel MD, Tajik AJ, Frye
RL. Mitral regurgitation: a new clinical perspective.
Mayo Clinic Proc
1997;
72
(11): 1034–1043.