CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 32, No 4, July/August 2021
214
AFRICA
period.
Circulation
2002;
105
(10): 1202–1207.
41. Allen NB, Siddique J, Wilkins JT, Shay C, Lewis CE, Goff DC,
et al
.
Blood pressure trajectories in early adulthood and subclinical athero-
sclerosis in middle age.
J Am Med Assoc
2014;
311
(5): 490–497.
42. Hao G, Wang X, Treiber FA, Harshfield G, Kapuku G, Su S. Blood
pressure trajectories from childhood to young adulthood associated with
cardiovascular risk: results from the 23-year longitudinal Georgia Stress
and Heart Study.
Hypertension
2017;
69
(3): 435–442.
43. Zhang T, Zhang H, Li Y, Sun D, Li S, Fernandez C,
et al
. Temporal
relationship between childhood body mass index and insulin and its
impact on adult hypertension: the Bogalusa Heart Study.
Hypertension
2016;
68
(3): 818–823.
44. Law C, Shiell A, Newsome C, Syddall H, Shinebourne E, Fayers P,
et al
. Fetal, infant, and childhood growth and adult blood pressure:
a longitudinal study from birth to 22 years of age.
Circulation
2002;
105
(9): 1088–1092.
45. Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit. National
Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) Wave 1, 2008 [dataset]. Version
7.0.0 Pretoria: SA Presidency [funding agency]. Cape Town: Southern
Africa Labour and Development Research Unit [implementer], 2018.:
Cape Town: DataFirst [distributor], 2018.
https://doi.org/10.25828/e7w9-m033; 2018.
46. Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit. National
Income Dynamics Study Wave 2, 2010–2011 [dataset]. Version 4.0.0.
Pretoria: SA Presidency [funding agency]. Cape Town: Southern Africa
Labour and Development Research Unit [implementer], 2018: Cape
Town: DataFirst [distributor], 2018.
https://doi.org/10.25828/j1h1-5m16; 2018.
47. Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit. National
Income Dynamics Study Wave 3, 2012 [dataset]. Version 3.0.0. Pretoria:
SA Presidency [funding agency]. Cape Town: Southern Africa Labour
and Development Research Unit [implementer], 2018.: Cape Town:
DataFirst [distributor], 2018.
https://doi.org/10.25828/7pgq-q106;2018.
48. Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit. National
Income Dynamics Study 2014–2015, Wave 4 [dataset]. Version 2.0.0.
Pretoria: Department of Planning, Monitoring, and Evaluation [fund-
ing agency]. Cape Town: Southern Africa Labour and Development
Research Unit [implementer], 2018. : Cape Town: DataFirst [distribu-
tor], 2018.
https://doi.org/10.25828/f4ws-8a78; 2018.
49. Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit. National
Income Dynamics Study 2017, Wave 5 [dataset]. Version 1.0.0 Pretoria:
Department of Planning, Monitoring, and Evaluation [funding agency].
Cape Town: Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit
[implementer], 2018.: Cape Town: DataFirst [distributor], 2018. https://
doi.org/10.25828/fw3h-v708;2018.
50. Liao D, Arnett DK, Tyroler HA, Riley WA, Chambless LE, Szklo M,
et al
. Arterial stiffness and the development of hypertension: the ARIC
study.
Hypertension
1999;
34
(2): 201–206.
51. O’Donnell CJ, Ridker PM, Glynn RJ, Berger K, Ajani U, Manson
JE,
et al
. Hypertension and borderline isolated systolic hypertension
increase risks of cardiovascular disease and mortality in male physicians.
Circulation
1997;
95
(5): 1132–1137.
52. Bowman TS, Sesso HD, Gaziano JM. Effect of age on blood pressure
parameters and risk of cardiovascular death in men.
Am J Hypertens
2006;
19
(1): 47–52.
53. Ware JH, Wu MC. Tracking: prediction of future values from serial
measurements.
Biometrics
1981: 427–437.
54. Foulkes MA, Davis C. An index of tracking for longitudinal data.
Biometrics
1981: 439–446.
55. Li Z, Snieder H, Harshfield GA, Treiber FA, Wang X. A 15-year longi-
tudinal study on ambulatory blood pressure tracking from childhood to
early adulthood.
Hypertens Res
2009;
32
(5): 404–410.
56. Chen X, Wang Y. Tracking of blood pressure from childhood to adult-
hood.
Circulation
2008;
117
(25): 3171–3180.
57. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks
FM,
et al
. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood
pressure.
N Engl J Med
1997;
336
(16): 1117–1124.
58. Wang D, He Y, Li Y, Luan D, Yang X, Zhai F,
et al.
Dietary patterns
and hypertension among Chinese adults: a nationally representative
cross-sectional study.
BMC Public Health
2011;
11
(1): 925.
59. Gurven M, Blackwell AD, Rodríguez DE, Stieglitz J, Kaplan H. Does
blood pressure inevitably rise with age? Longitudinal evidence among
forager-horticulturalists.
Hypertension
2012;
60
(1): 25–33.
60. He J, Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Chen J-Y, Mo J-P, Qian M-C,
et al.
Migration, blood pressure pattern, and hypertension: the Yi Migrant
Study.
Am J Epidemiol
1991;
134
(10): 1085–1101.
61. Gurven M, Kaplan H, Winking J, Eid Rodriguez D, Vasunilashorn S,
Kim JK,
et al.
Inflammation and infection do not promote arterial aging
and cardiovascular disease risk factors among lean horticulturalists.
PLoS One
2009; (8):e6590.