42 / 60
CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 32, No 2, March/April 2021
96
AFRICA
4.
Ruderman NB, Shulman GI. Metabolic Syndrome. In:
Endocrinology:
Adult and Pediatric
. 7th edn. Elsevier; 2016: 752–769.e7.
5.
Jung U, Choi M-S. Obesity and its metabolic complications: the role of
adipokines and the relationship between obesity, inflammation, insulin
resistance, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Int J Mol
Sci
2014;
15
(4): 6184–6223.
6.
Prieto D, Contreras C, Sánchez A. Endothelial dysfunction, obesity and
insulin resistance.
Curr Vasc Pharmacol
2014;
12
(3): 412–426.
7.
Bonomini F, Rodella LF, Rezzani R. Metabolic syndrome, aging and
involvement of oxidative stress.
Aging Dis
2015;
6
(2): 109.
8.
Persson IAL, Persson K, Hägg S, Andersson RGG. Effects of green tea,
black tea and rooibos tea on angiotensin-converting enzyme and nitric
oxide in healthy volunteers.
Public Health Nutr
2010;
13
(05): 730–737.
9.
Muller CJF, Joubert E, De Beer D, Sanderson M, Malherbe CJ, Fey
SJ,
et al.
Acute assessment of an aspalathin-enriched green rooibos
(
Aspalathus linearis
) extract with hypoglycemic potential.
Phytomedicine
2012;
20
(1): 32–39.
10. Son MJ, Minakawa M, Miura Y, Yagasaki K. Aspalathin improves
hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance in obese diabetic ob/ob mice.
Eur
J Nutr
2013;
52
(6): 1607–1619.
11. Kawano A, Nakamura H, Hata S ichi, Minakawa M, Miura Y, Yagasaki
K. Hypoglycemic effect of aspalathin, a rooibos tea component from
Aspalathus linearis
, in type 2 diabetic model db/db mice.
Phytomedicine
2009;
16
(5): 437–443.
12. Mikami N, Tsujimura J, Sato A, Narasada A, Shigeta M, Kato M,
et
al
. Green rooibos extract from
Aspalathus linearis
, and its component,
aspalathin, suppress elevation of blood glucose levels in mice and inhibit
α
-amylase and
α
-glucosidase activities
in vitro
.
Food Sci Technol Res
2015;
21
(2): 231–240.
13. Baba H, Ohtsuka Y, Haruna H, Lee T, Nagata S, Maeda M,
et al
.
Studies of anti-inflammatory effects of Rooibos tea in rats.
Pediatr Int
2009;
51
(5): 700–704.
14. Van der Merwe JD, de Beer D, Joubert E, Gelderblom WCA. Short-
term and sub-chronic dietary exposure to aspalathin-enriched green
rooibos (
Aspalathus linearis
) extract affects rat liver function and anti-
oxidant status.
Molecules
2015;
20
(12): 22674–22690.
15. Gelderblom WCA, Joubert E, Gamieldien K, Sissing L, Malherbe CJ,
Maritz G. Rooibos (
Aspalathus linearis
), honeybush (
Cyclopia interme-
dia
) and cancer bush (
Sutherlandia frutescens
subsp.
microphylla
) protect
against tobacco-specific mutagenesis i
n vitro. South African J Bot
2017;
110
: 194–200.
16. Mazibuko SE, Joubert E, Johnson R, Louw J, Opoku AR, Muller CJF.
Aspalathin improves glucose and lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
exposed to palmitate.
Mol Nutr Food Res
2015;
59
(11): 2199–2208.
17. Chen W, Sudji IR, Wang E, Joubert E, van Wyk BE, Wink M.
Ameliorative effect of aspalathin from rooibos (
Aspalathus linearis
) on
acute oxidative stress in
Caenorhabditis elegans. Phytomedicine
2013;
20
(3–4): 380–386
18. Ajuwon O, Marnewick JL, Davids LM. Rooibos (
Aspalathus linearis
)
and its major flavonoids – potential against oxidative stress-induced
conditions. In: Gowder SJT, ed.
Basic Principles and Clinical Significance
of Oxidative Stress.
InTech, 2015: 172–195.
19. Patel O, Muller C, Joubert E, Louw J, Rosenkranz B, Awortwe
C. Inhibitory interactions of
Aspalathus linearis
(rooibos) extracts
and compounds, aspalathin and Z-2-(-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-
phenylpropenoic acid, on cytochromes metabolizing hypoglycemic and
hypolipidemic drugs.
Molecules
2016;
21
(11): 1–13.
20. Kamakura R, Son MJ, de Beer D, Joubert E, Miura Y, Yagasaki K.
Antidiabetic effect of green rooibos (
Aspalathus linearis
) extract in
cultured cells and type 2 diabetic model KK-Ay mice.
Cytotechnology
2015;
67
(4): 699–710.
21. Huisamen B, George C, Dietrich D, Genade S. Cardioprotective and
anti-hypertensive effects of
Prosopis glandulosa
in rat models of pre-
diabetes: cardiovascular topics. C
ardiovasc J Afr
2013;
24
(2): 10–16.
22. Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of
microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye
binding.
Anal Biochem
1976;
72
(1–2): 248–254.
23. Ellerby LM, Bredesen DE. Measurement of cellular oxidation, reactive
oxygen species, and antioxidant enzymes during apoptosis.
Methods
Enzymol
2000;
322
: 413–421.
24. Esterbauer H, Cheeseman KH. Determination of aldehydic lipid
peroxidation products: Malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal.
Methods
Enzymol
1990;
186
: 407–421.
25. Sanderson M, Mazibuko SE, Joubert E, de Beer D, Johnson R, Pheiffer
C,
et al
. Effects of fermented rooibos (
Aspalathus linearis
) on adipocyte
differentiation.
Phytomedicine
2014;
21
(2): 109–117.
26. Salie R, Huisamen B, Lochner A. High carbohydrate and high fat
diets protect the heart against ischaemia/reperfusion injury.
Cardiovasc
Diabetol
2014;
13
(1): 109.
27. Marques C, Meireles M, Norberto S, Leite J, Freitas J, Pestana D,
et al
.
High-fat diet-induced obesity rat model: a comparison between Wistar
and Sprague-Dawley Rat.
Adipocyte
2016;
5
(1): 11–21.
28. Lozano I, van der Werf R, Bietiger W, Seyfritz E, Peronet C, Pinget M,
et al
. High-fructose and high-fat diet-induced disorders in rats: impact
on diabetes risk, hepatic and vascular complications.
Nutr Metab
(Lond)
2016;
13
(1): 15.
29. Kouidhi S, Jarboui S, Clerget Froidevaux M-S, Abid H, Demeneix B,
Zaouche A,
et al
. Relationship between subcutaneous adipose tissue
expression of leptin and obesity in Tunisian patients.
Tunis Med
2010;
88
(8): 569–572.
30. Marroquí L, Gonzalez A, N
ẽ
co P, Caballero-Garrido E, Vieira E, Ripoll
C,
et al
. Role of leptin in the pancreatic
β
-cell: Effects and signaling
pathways. J
Molec Endocrinol BioScientifica
2012;
49
: R9–17.
31. Del Bas JM, Crescenti A, Arola-Arnal A, Oms-Oliu G, Arola L,
Caimari A. Grape seed procyanidin supplementation to rats fed a high-
fat diet during pregnancy and lactation increases the body fat content
and modulates the inflammatory response and the adipose tissue
metabolism of the male offspring in youth.
Int J Obes
2015;
39
(1): 7–15.
32. Milagro FI, Campión J, Martíez JA. Weight gain induced by high-fat
feeding involves increased liver oxidative stress.
Obesity
2006;
14
(7):
1118–1123.
33. Hardie DG. AMP-activated protein kinase: a master switch in glucose
and lipid metabolism.
Rev Endocr Metab Disord
2004;
5
(2): 119–25.
34. Fleming I, Schulz C, Fichtischerer B, Kemp BE, Fisslthaler, Busse R.
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulates the insulin-induced
activation of the nitric oxide sythase in human platelets.
Thromb
Haemost
2003;
90
(5): 863–871.
35. Hall ME, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Juncos LA, Wang Z, Hall
JE. Obesity, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease.
Int J Nephrol
Renovasc Dis
2014;
7
: 75–88.
36. Lobato NS, Filgueira FP, Akamine EH, Tostes RC, Carvalho MHC,
Fortes ZB. Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in obesity-associated
hypertension.
Brazilian J Med Biol Res
2012;
45
(5): 392–400.
37. Hall JE, Do Carmo JM, Da Silva AA, Wang Z, Hall ME. Obesity-
induced hypertension: interaction of neurohumoral and renal mecha-
nisms.
Circ Res
2015;
116
(6): 991–1006.
38. Machleidt F, Simon P, Krapalis AF, Hallschmid M, Lehnert H, Sayk
F. Experimental hyperleptinemia acutely increases vasoconstrictory
sympathetic nerve activity in healthy humans.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab
2013;
98
(3): 491–496.